The Impact of Short-Staple Cotton Essay Example

The Impact of Short-Staple Cotton Essay The discovery of short-staple cotton was a major turning point not only in America’s economic history, but as well as utilization of slaves. Initially, the short-staple cotton variety had no commercial value as it had shorter cotton fibers, which reduces yarn and cloth quality, and fibers that were tightly attached to the seed, causing a longer time to separate the actual fiber from the seed without damaging it. On the other hand, the long-staple cotton fibers were exactly the opposite of their short cotton counterparts which was why the majority of fiber production was done using the longer variety (Philipps, 2004).However, in 1793, Eli Whitney invented a machine called, â€Å"cotton gin,† that enabled mass production of short-stapled cotton. The cotton gin, which was the short term for â€Å"cotton engine,† used wire teeth attached into a rotating wooden cylinder to snare the cotton fibers and pull them through a grate. The slots in this grate were too narrow f or the cotton seed to pass, so that the fibers were pulled away from the seed (Philipps, 2004). This invention eliminated the long and tedious task of removing the short cotton fiber from the seed and reduced the risk of damaging it. However, although the cotton was produced in large quantities, the cotton gin significantly reduced the quality of the fiber, causing resistance from English buyers. But due to the need to further expand the production of cotton and due to the assurance that cotton production would cost lower using the cotton gin, the American South decided to proceed using the short-staple variety.The adaptation of the short staple cotton and the cotton gin caused significant changes in the US South, most of important of which is that it led to the first United States patent system, which described who has exclusive rights over the machine. It also led to the use of more slaves as the operation of cotton gins required little skill. The production of the short stapled c otton boosted the economy of the South and resulted in the country being one of the chief exporters of cotton today (Murrin, 2006).Murrin, J. M. (2006). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.Phillips, W. H. (2004). Economic History Services: Cotton Gin. Retrieved October 18, 2007 from http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/phillips.cottongin

Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essays

Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essays Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essay Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essay Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organised set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. It refers to the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours consistently exhibited by an individual over time that strongly influence our expectations, self-perceptions, values and attitudes, and predicts our reactions to people, problems and stress. The study of personality therefore has a broad and varied history in psychology, with an abundance of theoretical traditions. Humanistic and Psychoanalytical theory can be seen as two main dispositional perspectives derived through the field of Psychology. Psychoanalytic theory explains human behaviour in terms of the interaction of various components of personality for example the id, ego, and super-ego and believes that personality is based on the dynamic interactions of these three components. In contrast to humanistic psychology it is emphasised that people have free will and that they play an active role in determining how they behave. Accordingly, humanistic theory focuses on subjective experiences of a person as opposed to forced, definitive factors that determine behaviour. With this fundamental difference in mind this essay will therefore compare and contrast psychoanalytical and humanistic traditions in terms of their application to counselling and psychotherapy, looking categorically at the shifts and changes within both traditions and therefore how both are used within today’s society. Psychoanalytic theory was an extremely influential force during the first half of the twentieth century. It focused on understanding of the unconscious motivations that drive behaviour. Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness (Freud and Breuer 1955 [1893-5]) Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behaviour. Based on his observations, he developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages. According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behaviour and through free associations, dreams or fantasies; clients can learn how to interpret deeply buried unconscious memories or experiences that may be causing them distress. (Freud, 1924d) He believed that neurosis stemmed from early sexual traumas and therefore his ‘hysterical’ female patients had been subjected to pre-pubescent ‘seduction’- that is, in most cases, sexual abuse by the father, reprocessed memories of such assaults later surfaced, he concluded, in otherwise baffling hysterical symptoms. Freud spent a number of years developing this theory until 1896 when he finally went public with his findings. The next year however he confessed ‘I no longer believe in my ‘neurotica’- the seduction theory. By then Freud, deep in richly autobiographical dreams and self analysis, had convinced himself that his patients’ seduction stories were fantasies, originating not in the perverse deeds of the adults but in the erotic wishes of infants. The collapse of the seduction theory therefore brought about the idea of infantile sexuality and without the abandonment of the seduction theory, psychoanalysis as a theoretical stru cture built upon unconscious desires and there repossessions would not exist today. However to explain this decisive switch remains hotly contested in the world of counselling and psychotherapy. Orthodox Freudians, notable Freud’s disciple and biographer Ernest Jones, have cast it as the ‘Eureka-moment’ in which he saw the light. Some critics allege, by contrast, a loss of nerve, and hold that it was the abandonment of the seduction theory that was his error, perhaps even a ‘betrayal’ both of psycho-sexual truth and of his patients. If they had indeed been sexually abused, their stories were now discounted, as were those of future patients on the couch. However I personally believe the Freud’s seduction theory has a lot to account for, as there are many trauma related psychosis found in today’s society that are primarily related to rape and sexual abuse (Gerald, 1998). As already mentioned Freud’s work was both controversial and inspiring to many therefore his followers and competitors went on to expand upon his ideas to develop theories of their own. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson (also a psychoanalyst) believed that personality develops in a series of stages but with dissimilarity to Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development and therefore was greatly influential to the humanistic movement (Erikson, 1997). Thus there are many threads and interconnection within these formulations of psychoanalytic thinking also known as Neo- Freudianism, which credit its roots in the work of Otto Rank and Karen Horne. It is their research amongst others that can now be categorised into three main modality of humanistic therapy; Gestalt, Transactional Analysis and Person Centred Theory. Humanistic therapy therefore began as a reaction to psychoanalytical theory and derives from ‘humanistic psychology’ a term which originally flagged up a concern about dehumanisation within the therapeutic relationship. The approach therefore claimed to be more humane, warmer and relational then psychoanalytical traditions. It was coined the ‘third wave’ movement (Maslow, 1962) and many humanistic pioneers believed that they were forming a revolutionary movement which overturned the orthodoxies of the past which dominated psychology at the time. It appeared in the USA in 1940s and 1950s becoming more defined at the Old Saybrook Conference of 1964 (Bugental, 1965) where many of the best know figures came together. They agreed that topics such as self-actualization, creativity and individuality were the central theme of this new approach and in 1961, the American Association for Humanistic Psychology was officially established. Humanist thinkers felt that psychoanalysis was preoccupied with psychology as a form of science, failing to take into consideration the role of personal choice. Alternatively, movements and waves could be seen as cultural and artistic and there is a strong link between humanistic therapy and creative expression. It was instead focused on each individuals potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. Therefore the fundamental belief of humanistic theory is that people are innately good and that psychological problems result from deviations from this natural tendency (Maslow, 1943).

Toni Morrison's Recitatif Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toni Morrison's Recitatif - Essay Example Still, she has made seminal contributions through her poetry and short stories. Notably, her short story Recitatif is considered a seminal work in racial writing. This essay specifically examines Morrison’s Recitatif, tracing the theme of race throughout the text. Analysis Perhaps the most notable aspect of Morrison’s Recitatif is that while the short story is almost primarily concerned with race, the issue itself is only addressed indirectly. Morrison even subtly toys with this ambiguity writing, â€Å"it didn't matter that we looked like salt and pepper standing there† (Morrison), while never revealing who is salt and who is pepper. Indeed, the text never even fully reveals the racial background of the two primary characters. While there are a variety of reasons for this technique, it’s been argued that, â€Å"Throughout the story Morrison scatters information about Twyla and Roberta that proves inconclusive in terms of firmly determining the women†™s racial identities. The ambiguity of these details suggests that what is essential about the women†¦is the nature of their relationship and their emotional connection with each other† (Gillespie, p. 163). Within this spectrum of investigation the argument is made that Morrison neglects directly revealing these protagonists’ racial backgrounds as a means of demonstrating the true importance in life is their relationship. This is a highly potent statement as it doesn’t merely reflect a theme occurring within the context of the text, or even solely to racial considerations, but rather can be extended to all forms of human interaction; that is, not only is Morrison exploring racial and social divides, but she is pointing the way forward towards a better and more equitable world. Ultimately, it is this mode of writing that places this text in a literary position that extends beyond merely a pleasurable narrative, but also makes the text truly important. In ex amining the theme of race in Morrison’s Recitatif it is necessary to examine it through the prism of Twyla and Roberta’s relationship. While race is a central concern, this issue emerges as an inter-connected aspect of their social interactions. Indeed, from the very beginning of the story Morrison links their development, as they were both required to visit the shelter because of their mothers, â€Å"My mother danced all night and Roberta’s was sick† (Morrison). While the line is simple and direct it underlines the complex interaction these characters will have throughout the text. It also symbolically links their life struggles to similar circumstances, showing that many of universal challenges of the human condition are not at all linked to race. In addition to these connections there are many instances towards the beginning of the text where Morrison implements vivid and descriptive narrative techniques to demonstrate the strong bond Twyla and Roberta share. Morrison writes, â€Å"We got along all right, Roberta and me. Changed beds every night, got F's in civics and communication skills and gym†¦We were the only ones dumped and the only ones with F's in three classes including gym† (Morrison). Although these descriptions have nothing to do with race, they demonstrate the poignant and profound connection the two girls have obtained. This connection is not contingent on race, but instead involves similar backgrounds, perspectives, and situational challenges. The story’