Government Corruption Of Latin America - 1371 Words

According to James Painter in his BBC News article â€Å"Latin America faces year of change†, Latin America suffers from social violence, kidnapping, drug trafficking, child pornography, lack of women’s rights, and little accountability over the region’s law makers and authorities which can lead to government corruption (para. 12). Government corruption can be defined as political power used by government leaders for private gain and to maintain their power as a government official. Most of the times these corrupt politicians in Latin America say they are accomplishing apprehension of criminals to the best of their abilities when, in reality, they commit the same multitude of crimes. Politicians are able to maintain their power as a result of†¦show more content†¦150). Democracy is supposed to be about equal opportunity but when bribery is brought into the balance it disrupts the scale to tip the scales into the favor of the politicians which goes agains t the principle of democracy (â€Å"Rise of Democracy†, para. 1). In the majority of Latin American countries there is a system called â€Å"compulsory voting† which makes it illegal not to vote. Although it is illegal not to vote, in Brazil’s case, only 78.90% of eligible voters voted for the presidential campaign in 2014 (â€Å"Voter Turnout†, para. 3). While there is a huge amount of corruption in Latin America, it can be overcome. In September of 2015, a crowd of Guatemalans chanted at President Otto Perez Molina, â€Å"Resign, now.† Their voice was heard as the ex-Guatemalan president stood down from office and is now in prison awaiting trial over an alleged corruption scandal (Watson, p.1, para. 1-3). This is just a glimpse of the power the people can hold. If the voters can get a current president out of office than imagine what can happen if everyone were to vote for who they truly believe is worthy of representing and governing the countr y. One of the largest issues that democracy in Latin America faces is bribery. This however is not entirely the fault of the corrupt politician trying to stay in power. Voters are also to blame for accepting these bribes. By accepting theShow MoreRelatedThe Features Of Corruption Of Latin America876 Words   |  4 Pages Corruption exists to some extent in all countries. But in Latin America, corruption seems an inextricable part of life. Some schools of thought, particularly those in the political science circle, view corruption as functional to the maintenance of a political system. Meaning, corruption may not be ideal, but it represents a way for people to access resources that would otherwise be unavailable to them. In sharp contrast, economists point to the many downfalls of corruption: a climate of fear andRead MoreEssay on Is Democracy Sustainable in Latin America?1274 Words   |  6 PagesIs Democracy Sustainable in Latin America? In order to determine if democracy is sustainable in Latin America, it is important to understand or at least have an idea of what democracy is. There are several types of democracy and each is different. According to the English dictionary, democracy is â€Å" a government by the people; especially: rule of the majority by a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by themRead More1. Who are the country’s main competitors and how is it positioned relative to these main1100 Words   |  5 Pagescompetitors? FDI inflows, by region and economy, 2012 (Latin American and the Caribbean) Country FDI in 2012 (Millions of dollars) 1. Brazil 65 271.85165 2. British Virgin Islands 64 895.73812 3. Chile 30 323.047 4. Colombia 15 822.93615 5. Argentina 12 551.11934 6. Peru 12 239.67185 7. Cayman Islands 4234.45103 8. Dominican Republic 3609.6 9. Venezuela 3216 Dominican Republic holds the 8th position in FDI inflows in the Latin America Caribbean sector, just above Venezuela, according to 2012Read MoreThe State Of Democracy Around The World1721 Words   |  7 Pagespeople’ (Hague and Harrop, 2013, p. 43). One could argue however, that democracy is considerably more than just a form of governance. For any nation to be considered democratic it must hold free and fair multi-party elections, must be free of any corruption and promote accountability and transparency. Citizens living under a democratic ruling should be guaranteed civil liberties, including, freedom of the press, the right to association, and the right to a fair and just trial (Hague and Harrop, 2013)Read MoreStruggles and Setbacks of Developing Democracies in Latin American Countries 1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of patrimonialism in Latin American countries is a subject that has been studied and researched by some of the world’s most renowned sociologists and political scientists. In this literature review I will use the information gathered from several of these researchers and combine their theories and ideologies in an attempt to understand why many Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Ven ezuela, and Bolivia have continued to remain oppressed throughout history and stand onRead MoreColombian Corruption1109 Words   |  5 Pageswhen notorious drug lord Pablo Escobar, he basically had bought most of Colombia and everyone in it. Many would think that the death of such powerful drug lord would end most of the corruption, but instead the Cali cartel came on top and the drug war continues. Some hectic headlines were that the past president Ernesto Samper was accused receive money from drug lords for his electoral campaign. The year 2011 was when the former Mayor of Bogotà ¡ the capital of Colombia, was convicted for irregularitiesRead MoreThe Positive Relationship Between Public Officials and Corruption 1384 Words   |  6 Pagesofficers that followed the rules that they help enforce? Police corruption has been a persistent problem that will continue to affect the citizens in each community. Corruption can be defined as a dishonest or illegal behavior, which unfortun ately, has become a greater issue that is common around the entire world including the United States today. In this research paper you will gain knowledge over the positive relationship between corruption in the public departments throughout the nation. In additionRead MoreEssay Drug Trafficking, Consequences, and Accountability1453 Words   |  6 Pages The illegal drug trafficking found throughout Latin America is not an issue that can be solved by either a government or an individual alone. Unfortunately, it is also an issue that requires more than one solution in order to solve the problem. Each Latin American state is unique, as are the various citizens who inhabit them. As drug trafficking is a transnational force, Latin American governments often find themselves not only at odds with one another, but with larger political and economic powersRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union and other socialist regimes in the early 1990s, marked a new era for the dominance of liberal democracy and capitalism. However, in Latin America there has been a resurgence of socialism into the 21st century. This resurgence has come to be known as the Pink Tide. It is associated with a moderate form of socialism that attempts to work with the current capitalist global economy and globalization. Although the degree of socialism differs from country to country, theRead MoreAmerica s Trade Area Of The Americas1494 Words   |  6 PagesHistory Latin America is composed of seventeen countries which was colonized by Spain’s and Portugal. They are large in diverse population with four hundred and ninety million people in total. The percentage of the Indian and African that lives in Latin America is basically seventy-five percent just in the cities. The industrial and development grew since the 1960’s; also the free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) proposes to integrate economies of Latin America, North America and the Caribbean (except

Essay about Homer vs. Ovid - 1417 Words

Homer and Ovid are two of the oldest, most influential poets that have ever lived. Although they are both poets, they have several differences in their writings. Homer, a Greek poet, is most famous for his epic poems Iliad and Odyssey. Ovid, a Roman poet, is most famous for Metamorphoses a 15 book poem containing over 250 myths. To compare and contrast these two poets and their writing styles, I will use Achilles’ battle with Hector in Homer’s Iliad book 22 and compare it with Achilles’ battle with Cycnus in Ovid’s Metamorphoses book 12. The comparison of these battles will give us a better understanding of these poets different views on the Trojan War. This battle also takes place outside the city of Troy, at the beginning of the†¦show more content†¦Upon checking the body after the choking, Achilles’ sees that the armor was empty. This was due to the fact that Neptune had changed his son’s body to that of a swan. Now that I have given a rough setting for book 12 of Metamorphoses, I will give a brief background of the battle with Hector. Achilles’ battle with Hector in book 22 of Iliad begins outside of the walls of the city of Troy at the end of the Trojan War. Hector was the last of the Trojan’s outside of the walls, ignoring his father King Priam’s pleads for him to get back to safety inside of the walls of the city. However, Hector believes he must fight for his honor and believes it is more honorable to die as one fighting to defend his city rather than dying an old man. At this same time moment, Achilles is going on a killing spree, because he believes glory is found in the size of the amount of Trojans he kills. This leads to Achilles chasing who he believes is a Trojan, Agenor, but in reality is the god Apollo distracting Achilles. Apollo is acting as a Trojan in order to divert Achilles from his killing of Trojans to save Trojan lives. Achilles’ anger is heightened due to the trick, and is now even more dangerous to Hector. After realizing that Achilles’ anger meant there was no chance of negotiation, Hector chose to run. After three laps around the walls of the city, Zeus began to pity Hector but was dissuaded by Athena who informed himShow MoreRelatedConflict Within The Mythology Of The Iliad By Homer946 Words   |  4 Pagesthis is explored within The Iliad by Homer. Written within the Bronze Age, it depicts the events that took place during the Trojan War between 1194- 1184 BC. This war is initiated by the Judgement of Paris, which was ultimately won by the .within the Rage of Achilles, detailing the plight that Achilles had faced during the Trojan War caused by the relinquishing of his trophy/wife, Briseis. Another example of conflict can be found within The Metamorphoses by Ovid, which is a collection of mythical shortRead MoreAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages . - Priesthood for cent ralized sacred ritual . - Kingship for centralized political and social structure (Paraoh= kings in Egypt) . 2. Geographical areas of early civilizations (Attached) 3. Ages of early Greek mythology to Ovid ( Poet of Metamorphoses) a. Origin of humans: sacred clay (wise and rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones(endurance) b. 4 ages as decline: Golden (peace), Silver (seasons farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestationRead MoreNegative Attributes of Old Society Essay1841 Words   |  8 Pages Negative Attributes of Old Societies Starting out, you have to compare the negatives of the Polis from Medea to the negatives of the â€Å"romanitas† from Ovid. There were many negatives that we saw and read about in the book of Medea. The main negative was the state power. Of the state power there was the Bureaucrats, Politicians and the Lawyers. These three groups of people had the entire control over what would happen in their society. Even though Medea was a very loyal woman to her husbandRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pageseither in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilities iii. Othello—jealousy iv. Merchant of Venice—justice vs. mercy v. King Lear—aging parent, greedy children, a wise fool 7. †¦Or the Bible a. Before the mid 20th century, writers could count on people being very familiar with Biblical stories, a common touchstone a writer can tap b. Common Biblical stories

Ngas Manual Free Essays

MANUAL ON THE NEW GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM For National Government Agencies ACCOUNTING POLICIES Volume I Chapter 1. Introduction Objectives of the Manual. The New Government Accounting System (NGAS) Manual presents the basic policies and procedures; the new coding system; the accounting systems, books, registries, records, forms, reports, and financial statements; and illustrative accounting entries to be adopted by all national government agencies effective January 1, 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Ngas Manual or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objectives of the Manual are to prescribe the following: . Uniform guidelines and procedures in accounting for government funds and property; b. New coding structure and chart of accounts; c. Accounting books, registries, records, forms, reports and financial statements; and d. Accounting entries. Coverage. This Manual shall be used by all national government agencies. Legal Basis. This Manual is prescribed by the Commission on Audit pursuant to Article IX-D, Section 2 par. (2) of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines which provides that: The Commission on Audit shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this Article, to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques and methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations, including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government fund s and properties†. (underscoring supplied) Chapter 2. Basic Features and Policies Basic Features and Policies. The NGAS has the following basic features and policies, to wit: a. Accrual Accounting. A modified accrual basis of accounting shall be used. Under this method, all expenses shall be recognized when incurred and reported in the financial statements in the period to which they relate. Income shall be on accrual basis except for transactions where accrual basis is impractical or when other methods are required by law. b. One Fund Concept. This system adopts the one fund concept. Separate fund accounting shall be done only when specifically required by law or by a donor agency or when otherwise necessitated by circumstances subject to prior approval of the Commission. . Chart of Accounts and Account Codes. A new chart of accounts and coding structure with a three-digit account numbering system shall be adopted. (See Volume III, The Chart of Accounts) d. Books of Accounts. All national agencies shall maintain two sets of books, namely: Regular Agency (RA) Books. These shall be used to record the receipt and utilization of Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) and other income/receipts which the agencies are authorized to use and to deposit with Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) and the National Treasury. These shall consist of journals and ledgers, as follows: Journals †¢ Cash Receipts Journal (CRJ) †¢ Cash Disbursements Journal (CDJ) †¢ Check Disbursements Journal (CkDJ) †¢ General Journal (GJ) Ledgers †¢ General Ledger (GL) †¢ Subsidiary Ledgers (SL) for: ? Cash ? Receivables ? Inventories ? Investments ? Property, Plant and Equipment ? Construction in Progress ? Liabilities ? Income ? Expenses National Government (NG) Books. These shall be used to record income which the agencies are not authorized to use and are required to be remitted to the National Treasury. These shall consist of: †¢ Cash Journal (CJ) †¢ General Journal (GJ) †¢ General Ledger (GL) †¢ Subsidiary Ledger (SL) With the implementation of the computerized agency accounting system, only the General Journal shall be used together with the ledgers by both books. e. Financial Statements. The following statements shall be prepared: †¢ Balance Sheet †¢ Statement of Government Equity †¢ Statement of Income and Expenses †¢ Statement of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements shall accompany the above tatements. f. Two-Money Column Trial Balance. The two – money column trial balance showing the account balances shall be used. g. Allotment and Obligation. Obligation accounting is modified to simplify procedures in the incurrence and liquidation of obligations and the recording of the budgetary accounts (allotments and obligations incurred and liquidated). Separate registries shall be maintained to control the allotments and obligations fo r each of the four classes of allotments, namely: Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Capital Outlay (RAOCO) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Personal Services (RAOPS) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Financial Expenses (RAOFE). h. Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA). The receipt of NCA by the agency shall be recorded in the books as debit to account â€Å"Cash-National Treasury, Modified Disbursement System (MDS)† and credit to account â€Å"Subsidy Income from National Government†. i. Financial Expenses. Financial expenses such as bank charges, interest expenses, commitment charges and other related expenses shall be separately classified from Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE). j. Perpetual Inventory of Supplies and Materials. Supplies and materials purchased for inventory purpose shall be recorded using the perpetual inventory system. Regular purchases shall be coursed thru the inventory account and issuances thereof shall be recorded as they take place except those purchased out of Petty Cash Fund which shall be charged directly to the appropriate expense accounts. k. Valuation of Inventory. Cost of ending inventory of supplies and materials shall be computed using the moving average method. l. Maintenance of Supplies and Property, Plant and Equipment Ledger Cards. For appropriate check and balance, the Accounting Units of agencies, as well as the Property Offices, shall maintain Supplies Ledger Cards/Stock Cards by stock number and Property, Plant and Equipment Ledger Cards/Property Cards by category of property, plant and equipment, respectively. m. Construction of Assets. For assets under construction, the Construction Period Theory shall be applied for costing purposes. Bonus paid to the contractor for completing the work ahead of time shall be added to the total cost of the project. Liquidated damages charged and paid for by the contractor shall be deducted from the total cost of the project. Any related expenses incurred during the construction of the project, such as taxes, interest, license fees, permit fees, clearance fee, etc. shall be capitalized, and those incurred after the construction shall form part of operating cost. n. Registry of Public Infrastructures/Registry of Reforestation Projects. For agencies that construct public infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, waterways, railways, plaza, monuments, etc. , and invest on reforestation projects, a Registry of Public Infrastructures (RPI)/Registry of Reforestation Projects (RRP) shall be maintained for each category of infrastructures/reforestation projects. Examples are: †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures – Bridges (RPIB) †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures – Roads (RPIR) †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures – Parks (RPIP) †¢ Registry of Reforestation Projects (RRP) A Summary of Public Infrastructures/Reforestation Projects shall be prepared and included in the Notes to Financial Statements. o. Depreciation. The straight-line method of depreciation shall be used. Depreciation shall start on the second month after purchase of the property, plant and equipment, and a residual value equivalent to ten percent of the purchase cost shall be set-up. Public infrastructures/reforestation projects as well as serviceable assets that are no longer being used shall not be charged any depreciation. . Reclassification of Assets. Serviceable assets no longer being used shall be reclassified to â€Å"Other Assets† account and shall not be subject to depreciation. q. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. An Allowance for Doubtful Accounts shall be set up for estimated uncollectible trade receivables to allow for their fair valuation. r. Elimination of Contingent Accounts. Contingent accounts shall no longer be used. All financial transactions shall be recorded using the appropriate accounts. Cash shortages and disallowed payments, which become final and executory, shall be recorded under receivable accounts â€Å"Due From Officers and Employees† or â€Å"Receivables-Disallowances/ Charges†, as the case may be. s. Recognition of Liability. Liability shall be recognized at the time goods and services are accepted or rendered and supplier/creditor bills are received. t. Interest Accrual. Whenever practical and appropriate, interest income and/or expense shall be accrued and recognized in the books of accounts. u. Accounting for Borrowings and Loans. All borrowings and loans incurred shall be recorded to the appropriate liability accounts. . Elimination of corollary and negative journal entries. The use of corollary and negative journal entries shall be stopped. Acquisition/Disposition of assets shall be debited/credited to the appropriate asset accounts. If an error is committed, a correcting entry to adjust the original entry shall be prepared. w. Petty Cash Fund. The Petty Cash Fund shall be maintained under the imprest system. As such, all replenishments shall be directly charged to the expense account and at all times, the Petty Cash Fund shall be equal to the total cash on hand and the unreplenished expenses. The Petty Cash Fund shall not be used to purchase regular inventory/items for stock. x. Foreign Currency Adjustment. Cash deposits in foreign currency and outstanding foreign loans shall be computed at the exchange rate prescribed by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas at balance sheet date. The total cash deposits and foreign loans payable shall be adjusted at the end of each month and any gain or loss on foreign exchange shall be recognized. The subsidiary ledger for foreign currency obligations shall reflect the appropriate foreign currency in which the loan is payable. The liability shall be expressed both in the foreign and local currency. Chapter 3. Accounting Systems General Accounting Plan. The General Accounting Plan (GAP) shows the overall accounting system of a government agency/unit. It includes the source documents, the flow of transactions and its accumulation in the books of accounts and finally their conversion into financial information/data presented in the financial reports. Presented on next page is the General Accounting Plan for national government agencies. The following accounting systems are: . Budgetary Accounts System; b. Receipts/Income and Deposit System; c. Disbursement System; and d. Financial Reporting System. 4 BUDGETARY ACCOUNTS Budgetary Accounts System. The Budgetary Accounts System encompasses the processes of preparing Agency Budget Matrix (ABM), monitoring and recording of allotments received by the agency from the DBM, releasing of Sub-Allotment Release Order (Sub-SARO) to Regional Offices (RO) by the Central Off ice (CO); issuance of Sub-SARO to Operating Units (OU) by the RO; and recording and monitoring of obligations. Budgetary Accounts. Budgetary accounts consist of the appropriations, allotments and obligations. Appropriations refer to authorizations made by law or other legislative enactment for payments to be made with funds of the government under specified conditions and/or for specified purposes. Appropriations shall be monitored and controlled through registries and control worksheets by the DBM and COA, respectively. Budgetary accounts allotments and obligations are discussed in the succeeding sections. INSERT GENERAL ACCOUNTING PLAN for National Government Agencies Agency Budget Matrix (ABM). The ABM refers to a document showing the disaggregation of agency expenditures into components like, among others, by source of appropriations, by allotment class and by need of clearance. Procedures for the Preparation of the ABM |Area of |Seq. | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | | |Budget Unit | | | | Concerned Staff |1 |Based on the approved General Appropriations Act (GAA) and | | |in coordination with the DBM, prepares the ABM by | | | |appropriations/financing sources to support expenditures to| | | |be made during the year broken down by allotment | | | |class/expenses. | | |Note 1 | | | |The ABM shall contain, among others, the following | | | |information: | | | |The amount to be released categorized under â€Å"Not Needing | | | |Clearance† column, and | | | |The amount that will be released through the issuance of | | | |Special Allotment Release Order (SARO) categorized under | | | |†Needing Clearance† column including continuing | | | |appropriations based on the Statement of Allotments, | | | |Obligations and Balances (SAOB). | | | | | |2 |Initials under ‘Prepared by’ portion of the ABM. | | | | | |Head, Budget Unit |3 |Reviews and signs ‘Prepared by’ portion of the ABM. | |Concerned Staff |4 |Forwards the ABM together with a transmittal letter for the| | | |DBM to the Head of the Agency for signature/approval. | | | | | |Head of the Agency |5 |Approves/Signs the ABM and the transmittal letter. | | | | |Concerned Staff |6 |Records in the logbook maintained and submits the signed | | | |ABM to the DBM for approval. | Allotment Release Order (ARO). The ARO is a formal document issued by the DBM to the head of the agency containing the authorization, conditions and amount of an agency allocation. The document may be the AB M, where the amount of allocation not needing clearance is indicated, or the Special Allotment Release Order (SARO), where the release of which is subject to compliance with specific laws or regulations or is subject to separate approval or clearance by competent authority. In the case of agencies with decentralized accounting procedures, Sub-ARO/Sub-SARO is issued/released. Recording of Allotments. Upon receipt of the approved ABM and ARO, the Budget Officer/Head of the Budget Unit/Designated Budget Officer shall record the allotment in the respective registries through the Allotment and Obligations Slip (ALOBS). Separate registries shall be maintained for the four allotment classes by Program/Project/Activity (P/P/A), to wit: 1. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Capital Outlay (RAOCO) 2. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) 3. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Personal Services (RAOPS) 4. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Financial Expenses (RAOFE) Procedures in the Monitoring and Recording of Allotments Received from DBM |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. Activity | | | | | |Budget Unit |1 |Receives the approved ABM/SARO from the DBM. Records the | |Concerned Staff | |same in the logbook and forwards the ABM/SARO to Budget | | | |Staff for preparation of an Allotment an d Obligation Slip | | | |(ALOBS). | | Budget Staff |2 |Prepares ALOBS in two copies, assigns number and initials | | | |the same. Forwards the ALOBS and ABM/SARO to the Head of | | | |the Budget Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |The numbering structure of the ALOBS shall be as follows: | | | |PS 00 00 0000 | | | |Serial Number | | | |(One series for | | | | | | | |the whole year) | | | |Month | | | | | | | |Year | | | | | | | |Allotment Class | | | |(PS, MOOE, CO and FE) shall be| | | |used only when obligations are recorded in the ALOBS | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |The ALOBS shall be prepared in two copies and shall be | | | |distributed as follows: | | | |Original-Retained by the Budget Unit to support recording | | | |in the registries | | | |Copy 2 -Accounting Unit | | Head of the Budget Unit |3 |Reviews, checks the mall box opposite the ‘Received’ | | | |portion in Box A of the ALOBS and affixes signature | | | |certifying receipt of allo tment. Returns to the Budget | | | |Staff for recording in the appropriate Registry of | | | |Allotments and Obligations (RAOs). | | | | | | Budget Staff |4 |Records the ALOBS in the appropriate RAOs. Files the ALOBS | | | |for reference. | | | | | | |Note 3 | | | |The following RAOs shall be maintained by the Budget Unit: | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Personal Services | | | |(RAOPS) | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations -Maintenance and | | | |Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations -Capital Outlays | | | |(RAOCO) | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Financial Expenses| | | |(RAOFE) | | |5 |Forwards Copy 2 of the ALOBS to the Accounting Unit for | | | |reference. | Procedures for the Recording of Sub-Allotment Release Order (Sub-ARO) by RO/ OU |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | |Central Office/ | | | |Regional Office | | | |Budget Unit |1 |Based on the approved ABM re ceived from the DBM, prepares | |Budget Staff | |Sub-ARO for RO/OU. Forwards the Sub-ARO to the Head of the | | | |Budget Unit CO/RO for review. | | | | | |Head of the Budget Unit |2 |Reviews and signs Sub-ARO. Forwards the same to the Head of| | | |the CO/RO for approval. | | | | | |Head of Central |3 |Approves the Sub-ARO. |Office/Regional Office/ | | | |Authorized | | | |Officer | | | |Budget Staff |4 |Based on the approved Sub-ARO, prepares ALOBS in two | | | |copies. Assigns number and initials the ALOBS. Forwards the| | | |same with a copy of approved Sub-ARO to the Head of the | | | |Budget Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | | Distribution of ALOBS shall be as follows: | | | | Original – CO/RO Budget Unit | | | |Copy 2 – CO/RO Accounting Unit | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |Refer to ALOBS numbering structures in Note 1 Sec. 12, | | |Procedures in the Monitoring and Recording of Allotments | | | |Received from DBM | |Head of the Budget Unit | 5 |Reviews, checks the small box opposite the ‘Sub-allotted’ | | | |portion of Box A of the ALOBS and affixes signature | | | |certifying as to the amount sub-allotted to RO/OU. Forwards| | | |the same with the approved Sub-ARO to Budget Staff for | | | |recording in the appropriate RAOs. | | | | | |Budget Staff |6 |Records the ALOBS in the appropriate RAOs. Files the ALOBS | | | |and a copy of the Sub-ARO. | | | | | | |Note 3 | | | |The ALOBS covering sub-allotment for the RO/OU shall be | | | |entered in the RAOs as negative entry in the ‘Allotment’ | | | |column and shall be deducted from the allotment balance. | | | | | | | |Note 4 | | | |A copy of the ALOBS covering allotment of the RO/OU shall | | | |be furnished the Accounting Unit for reference. | | | | | |Concerned Staff |7 |Records in the logbook the release of the Sub-ARO to RO/OU. | | | | |Regional Offices/ | | | |Operating Units | | | |Budget Unit | | | |Concerned Staff |8 |Receives the appro ved Sub-ARO from the CO/RO. Records the | | | |same in the logbook maintained. Forwards the Sub-ARO to the| | | |Budget Staff for the preparation of ALOBS. | | | | | Budget Staff |9 |Prepares ALOBS in two copies, assigns number and initials | | | |the same. Forwards the ALOBS and Sub-ARO to the Head of the| | | |Budget Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | | |Note 5 | | | |Refer to Notes 1 and 2 of Sec. 2, Procedures for the | | | |Monitoring and Recording of Allotments Received from the | | | |DBM. | | | | | |Head of the Budget Unit |10 |Reviews the ALOBS based on the Sub-ARO. Checks | | | |the small box opposite the â€Å"Received† portion of Box A of | | | |the ALOBS and affixes signature certifying that the | | | |allotment was received. Forwards the ALOBS and Sub-ARO to | | | |the Budget Staff for recording in the appropriate RAOs. | | | | | | |Note 6 | | | |Refer to Note 3, of Sec. 12, Procedures for the Monitoring | | | |and Recording of Allotments Received from the DBM. | | | | | | Budget Staff |11 |Records the ALOBS in the RAOs. Files the Sub-ARO and | | | |original of the ALOBS. | | | | | |12 |Forwards copy 2 of the ALOBS to the Accounting Unit for | | | |reference. | Accounting for Obligation. Obligation refers to a commitment by a government agency arising from an act of a duly authorized official which binds the government to the immediate or eventual payment of a sum of money. The agency is authorized to incur obligations only in the performance of activities which are in pursuits of its functions and programs authorized in appropriation acts/laws within the limit of the ARO. Obligations shall be taken up in the registries through the ALOBS prepared/processed by the Budget Unit. The Budget Officer/ Head of the Budget Unit/designated Budget Officer shall certify to the availability of allotment and such is duly obligated by signing in the appropriate box of the ALOBS. On the other hand, the Accountant/Head of the Accounting Unit shall certify to the correctness and validity of obligations, and availability of funds. Both Budget and Accounting Units shall coordinate in the filling up of the Status of the Obligation in their respective copies of the ALOBS Procedures for the Recording of Obligations |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. Activity | | | | | | Budget Unit | | | |Concerned Staff |1 |Receives the Disbursement Voucher/Payroll (DV/P), and | | | |supporting documents, Contract/ Purchase Order (C/PO) from | | | |concerned offices/personnel. Verifies completeness of the | | | |documents. If incomplete, returns the documents to | | | |concerned offices for completion. If complete, records the | | | |same in the logbook maintained. Forwards the documents to | | | |Budget Staff for the preparation of the ALOBS. | | | | | | Budget Staff |2 |Verifies availability of allotment based on the RAOs. If no| | | |allotment is available, returns the documents to the | | | |office/personnel concerned except as authorized by the DBM. | | |3 |If there is an available balance of allotment to cover the | | | |obligations, prepares an ALOBS in three copies. Initials | | | |the ALOBS and forwards the same to the Head of the Budget | | | |Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |Copy 3 of ALOBS shall be attached to the DV. Refer to Note | | | |2, Sec. 12, Procedures for the Monitoring and Recording of | | | |Allotments Received from DBM for the distribution of the | | | |other copies of ALOBS. | | | | | Head of the Budget Unit |4 |Reviews, checks the small box opposite the ‘Available and | | | |duly obligated’ portion of Box A of the ALOBS and affixes | | | |signature. Forwards the ALOBS and documents to the Budget | | | |Staff for recording in the appropriate RAOs. | | | | | | Budget Staff |5 |Records the amount obligated under the ‘Obligation’ column| | | |of the RAOs. Forwards all copies of the ALOBS and the | | | |documents to the Accounting Unit for processing and | | | |signature. | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |Obligations shall be posted in the ‘Obligation Incurred’ | | | |col umn of the RAOs to arrive at the balance of allotment | | | |still available at a given period. | | | | | | |6 |Receives original of ALOBS from the Accounting Unit. If | | | |there is no correction, files the same to support the RAOs. | | | |Otherwise, effects correction in the RAOs or prepares a new| | | |ALOBS, as the case may be. | | |Note 3 | | | |For the succeeding activities, refer to Sec. 34, | | | |Procedures for Disbursements By Checks. | | | | | | | |Note 4 | | | |There is no need to prepare a new ALOBS for | | | |corrections/adjustments made by the Accounting Unit after | | | |the processing of the claims but before payment is made. | | |Adjustment in the RAOs shall be effected thru a positive | | | |entry (if additional obligation is necessary) or a negative| | | |entry (if reduction) in the ‘Obligation Incurred’ column. | | | | | | | |Note 5 | | | |Preparation of new ALOBS for the following adjustments of | | | |obligations as negative entries in the â⠂¬ËœObligation | | | |Incurred’ column shall be made: | | | | | | |refund of cash advance granted during the year | | | |overpayment of expenses during the year | | | |disallowances/charges which become final and executory | | | | | | | |Certified copies of official receipts for the | | | |overpayments/refunds, copies of bills for overpayments | | | |and Notice that the disallowances are final and | | | |executory shall be furnished the Budget Unit by the | | | |Accounting Unit for the preparation of new ALOBS taking up | | | |the adjustments. | 16 INCOME/COLLECTIONS AND DEPOSITS Receipts/Income Collections and Deposits System. The Receipts/Income Collections and Deposits System covers the processes of acknowledging and reporting income/collections, deposits of collections with Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) or through the AGDB for the account of Treasurer of the Philippines, and recording of collections and deposits in the books of accounts of the agency. Sourc es of Income of the National Government. The income of the National Government are classified into general income accounts and specific income accounts. The following comprise the general income accounts, among others: Subsidy Income from National Government 1. Subsidy from Central Office 2. Subsidy from Regional Office/Staff Bureaus 3. Income from Government Services 4. Income from Government Business Operations 5. Sales Revenue 6. Rent Income 7. Insurance Income 8. Dividend Income 9. Interest Income 10. Sale of Confiscated Goods and Properties 11. Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Gains 12. Miscellaneous Operating and Service Income 13. Fines and Penalties-Government Services and Business Operations 14. Income from Grants and Donations The specific income accounts of national government agencies are classified as follows: 1. Income Taxes 2. Property Taxes 3. Taxes on Goods and Services 4. Taxes on International Trade and Transactions 5. Other Taxes 6. Fines and Penalties-Tax Revenue 7. Other Specific Income The descriptions of all the accounts and the instructions as to when these are to be debited and credited are provided in Volume III of the NGAS Manual. Methods of Accounting for Income. National government agencies adopt the following accounting methods of recording income: 1. Accrual Method – Accrual method of accounting shall be used by national government agencies when income is realized (earned) during the accounting period regardless of cash receipt. Accounts receivable is set up and the general or specific income accounts according to nature and classification are credited. 2. Modified Accrual – Under the modified accrual basis, income of an agency is recorded as â€Å"Deferred Credits to Income† and the appropriate receivable account is debited. The income account is recognized upon receipt of collection and the â€Å"Deferred Credits to Income† account is adjusted accordingly. 3. Cash Basis – Cash basis of accounting shall be used for all other taxes, fees, charges and other revenues where accrual method is impractical. The income account is credited upon collection of the cash or its equivalent. Fines and Penalties. Fines and penalties, either on tax revenues or other specific income accounts, shall be recognized as income of the year these were collected. Other Receipts. Other receipts of national government agencies shall be comprised of, but not limited to the following: 1. Refund of cash advances – When cash advances for official travels are granted, the account â€Å"Due from Officers and Employees† is debited and when refunds are made, the same account is credited. Cash advances for salaries and wages shall be recorded as debits to the account â€Å"Cash-Disbursing Officers† and any refunds thereof shall be credited to the same account. 2. Receipts of performance/bidders/bail bonds – Performance bond posted by contractor or supplier to guaranty full and faithful performance of their contract may be in the form of cash or certified checks or surety. Performance bond in cash or certified check shall be acknowledged by the issuance of official receipt and recorded in the book of accounts by the Accountant thru a Journal Entry Voucher (JEV) for the purpose. In case of surety bond, an acknowledgement receipt shall be issued by the authorized official. 3. Refund for overpayment of expenses – Refunds as a result of overpayment of expenses shall be recorded as a credit to the appropriate expense account if paid in the same year or to Prior Years’ Adjustments if paid in the ensuing year. This transaction shall reduce the amount of expense previously recorded. 4. Collections made on behalf of another agency or private companies – Collections made on behalf of other agencies which are later remitted to them are recorded under accounts â€Å"Due to NGAs†, â€Å"Due to LGUs† or â€Å" Due to GOCCs† as the case maybe. Authorized collections made on behalf of private entities, like shares of proponents of Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Projects are recorded as â€Å"Other Payables†. 5. Inter-agency transferred funds – Cash received from another agency for the purpose of implementing projects of that agency is recorded in the books as a credit to account â€Å"Due to NGAs† or â€Å"Due to LGUs†, as the case maybe. Deposit of Collections. All Collecting Officers shall deposit intact all their collections, as well as collections turned over to them by sub-collectors/tellers, with AGDB daily or not later than the next banking day. They shall record all deposits made in the Cash Receipts Record. Reporting of Collections and Deposits. At the close of each business day, the Collecting Officers shall accomplish the Report of Collections and Deposits (RCD) in accordance with the instructions provided in Volume II of the NGAS Manual for the RCD. All collections shall be deposited with AGDB for the account of the agency or the Treasurer of the Philippines daily or not later than the next banking day. Procedures for Collections and Deposits Through the Collecting Officer |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. Activity | | | | | |Cash Unit | |Daily | | Designated Staff |1 |Receives cash/check from payor representing collection | | | |based on the Order of Payment (OP) prepared by the | | | |Accounting Unit. | | | | | | |2 |Issues Official Receipt (OR) to acknowledge receipt of | | | |cash/check. | | | | | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |Funding Checks received by the Cashier/ Collecting Officer | | | |of the RO/OU for its operational requirements shall be | | | |issued corresponding OR.. | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |Separate sets of ORs shall be used for the RA and NG Books. | | | | | | |Note 3 | | | |The OR shall be prepared in three copies and shall be | | | |distributed as follows: | | | | Original – Payor | | | | Copy 2 – To be attached to the Report of Collections| | | |and Deposits (RCD) | | | | Copy 3 – Cash Unit file | | | | | | |3 |Records collections in the Cash Receipts Record (CRR). | | | | | | | |Note 4 | | | |Separate CRR shall be maintained for collections under the | | | |RA and NG Books. | | | | | | |4 |Prepares Deposit Slip (DS) in three copies. | | | | | | |Note 5 | | | |The DS shall be distributed as follows: | | | | Original – AGDB | | | | Copy 2 – To be attached to RCD | | | | Copy 3 – Cash Unit file | | | | | | |5 |Deposits collections with AGDB. | | | | | | |Note 6 | | | |Collections pertaining to NG Books shall be deposited with | | | |the AGDB for the account of the Treasurer of the | | | |Philippines | | | | | | |6 |Based on the validated DS from the AGDB and copy of the ORs| | | |on file, prepares Report of Collections and Deposits (RCD) | | | |in two copies. Initials on the RCD and forwards the same | | | |together with Copy 2 of the ORs and DS to the Head of the | | | |Cash Unit for review and signature. | | | | |Head of the Cash Unit |7 |Reviews and signs the RCD. Forwards original of RCD, Copy 2| | | |of the ORs and DS to the Designated Staff for submission to| | | |the Accounting Unit. | | | | | | | |Note 7 | | | |The RCD shall be distributed as follows: | | | |Original – Accounting Unit together with Copy No. of the | | | |ORs and DS – to support the JEV | | | |Copy 2 – Cash Unit file | | | | | |Designated Staff |8 |Records the RCD in the logbook maintained and forwards the | | | |same with the ORs and DS to the Accounting Unit for | | | |recording in the books of accounts. | | | | | |Accounting Unit | | | |Accounting Staff |9 |Receives original of RCD with Copy 2 of the ORs and DS from| | | |the Cash Unit. Records receipt in the logbook maintained | | | |for the purpose and forwards the same to the Bookkeeper for| | | |review and preparation of the JEV. | | | | |Bookkeeper |10 |Based on the RCD, prepares JEV in two copies and signs | | | |â€Å"Prepared by† portion of the JEV. Forwards the JEV and | | | |documents to the Head of the Accounting Unit for review and| | | |signature. | |Head of the Accounting Unit|11 |Reviews and signs ‘Certified Correct by’ portion of the | | | |JEV. Forwards the JEV and documents to the Bookkeeper for | | | |recording in the Cash Receipt Journal (CRJ) and/or Cash | | | |Journal (CJ) as the case may be. | | |Note 8 | | | |CRJ shall be used to record collection under the RA Books | | | |while the CJ shall be used to record collections under the | | | |NG Books. | | | | | | | |Note 9 | | | |For the suc ceeding activities, refer to Sec. 1, | | | |Preparation and Submission of Trial Balances and Other | | | |Reports. | Procedures for Collections through Accredited Agent Banks (AAB) |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | | |Accounting Unit | | | |Receiving/ Releasing Staff |1 |Receives collection documents from the AAB/AGDB. Records | | | |receipt in the logbook maintained for the purpose. Forwards| | | |the same to the Bookkeeper for preparation of the JEV. | | | | | | Bookkeeper |2 |Based on the received collection documents, prepares JEV in| | | |two copies, Signs â€Å"Prepared by† portion of the JEV. | | | |Forwards the JEV and documents to the Head of the | | | |Accounting Unit for review and signature. | | | | |Head of the Accounting Unit |3 |Reviews and signs â€Å"Certified Correct by† portion of the | | | |JEV. Forwards the JEV and documents to the Bookkeeper for | | | |recording in the General Journal (GJ). | | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |For the succeeding activities, refer to Sec. 71, | | | |Preparation and Submission of Trial Balances and Other | | | |Reports. | | | | Dishonored Checks. There are instances that checks received by Collecting Officers in payment of taxes, fees and other debt due the government are dishonored by the drawee banks. A check is said to be dishonored by non-payment when, upon its being duly presented for payment, such payment is refused or cannot be obtained. (Sec. 83, RA No. 2031, Negotiable Instrument Law). It may also be defined as those checks paid to the agency, which were dishonored by the AGDB due to Drawn Against Insufficient Fund (DAIF) or Drawn Against Uncleared Deposits (DAUD). Procedures in Recording Dishonored Checks |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | | |Cash Unit | | | |Designated Staff |1 |Receives from AGDB the Debit Memo (DM) and copies of | | | |dishonored checks. | | | | | |2 |Verifies the dishonored checks against the previous months’| | | |RCDs maintained on file to ascertain that the checks were | | | |included in the previous months’ collections. If not | | | |included, verifies from AGDB the details of the dishonored | | | |checks. | | | | | | |3 |If dishonored checks are included in the RCDs, prepares | | | |Notice of Dishonor to inform the drawers/indorsers/payors | | | |that the checks were dishonored by the AGDB. | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |The Notice of Dishonor shall be prepared in three copies | | | |and shall be distributed as follows: | | | | Original – Drawer (To be delivered personally or thru | | | |registered mail) | | | | Copy 2 – Accounting Unit file | | | | Copy 3 – Cash Unit file | | | | | | |4 |Retrieves from file copy of the OR covering the dishonored | | | |check and indicates in the OR the following notation: | | | | | | | |â€Å"Cancelled (date of Notice of Dishonor) per Bank | | | |Debit/Voucher No. _____ dated _________† | | | | | | |5 |Retrieves CRR on file and records the dishonored checks | | | |with the ollowing notation: | | | | | | | |â€Å"To take up Bank’s Debit Memo No. ___ dated ____ covering | | | |Check No. ___ for P ____________ acknowledged under OR No. | | | |_____ dated _______†. | | | | | | |6 |Prepares list of dishonored checks in two copies. Forwards | | | |Copy 2 of the list and the dishonored checks to the | | | |Accounting Unit for preparation of the JEV. | | | | |Accounting Unit |7 |Receives the list together with originals of dishonored | |Accounting Staff | |checks and the Debit Memo from the Cash Unit and records | | | |the same in the logbook maintained for the purpose. | | |8 |Based on the li st, prepares the JEV in two copies. Signs | | | |â€Å"Prepared by† portion of the JEV and forwards the same to | | | |the Head of the Accounting Unit for review and signature. | | | | | |Head of the Accounting Unit |9 |Reviews and signs â€Å"Certified Correct by† portion of the | | | |JEV. Forwards the JEV supported by the list, originals of | | | |dishonored checks and notice of dishonor to the Bookkeeper | | | |for recording in the books of accounts. | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |For the succeeding activities, refer to Sec. 71, | | | |Preparation and Submission of Trial Balances and Other | | | |Reports. | 30 DISBURSEMENTS Disbursements Defined. Disbursements constitute all cash paid out during a given period either in currency (cash) or by check. It may also mean the settlement of government payables/obligations by cash or by check. It shall be covered by Disbursement Voucher (DV)/Petty Cash Voucher (PCV) or payroll. Basic Requirements for Disbursements. The basic requirements applicable to all types of disbursements made by national government agencies are as follows: 1. Existence of a lawful and sufficient allotment certified as available by the Budget Officer; 2. Existence of a valid obligation certified by the Chief Accountant/Head of Accounting Unit; 3. Legality of transactions and conformity with laws, rules and regulation; 4. Approval of the expense by the Chief of Office or by his duly authorized representative; and 5. Submission of proper evidence to establish the claim. Disbursements System. The Disbursements System involves the preparation and processing of disbursement voucher (DV); preparation and issuance of check; payment by cash; granting, utilization, and liquidation/replenishment of cash advances. Certification on Disbursements. Disbursements from government funds shall require the following certifications on the DV: 1. Certification and approval of vouchers and payrolls as to validity, propriety and legality of the claim (Box A of DV) by head of the department or office who has administrative control of the fund concerned; 2. Necessary documents supporting the DV and payrolls as certified and reviewed by the Accountant/Head of Accounting Unit (Box B of DV); and 3. Certification that funds are available for the purpose by the Accountant/Head of Accounting Unit (Box B of DV). Disbursements by Checks. Checks shall be drawn only on duly approved DV or PCV. These shall be reported and recorded in the books of accounts only when actually released to the respective payees. Two types of checks are being issued by government agencies as follows: 1. Modified Disbursement System (MDS) Checks – issued by government agencies chargeable against the account of the Treasurer of the Philippines, which are maintained with different MDS – Government Servicing Banks (GSBs). These are covered by Notice of Cash Allocation, an authorization issued by the DBM to government agencies to withdraw cash from the National Treasury through the issuance of MDS checks or other authorized mode of disbursements. 2. Commercial Checks – issued by government agencies chargeable against the Agency Checking Account with GSBs. These are covered by income/receipts authorized to be deposited with AGDBs; and funding checks received by RO/OUs from COs/ROs, respectively. Recording of Check Disbursements in the Check Disbursements Record (CkDR). All checks issued including cancelled checks shall be recorded chronologically in the CkDR. The dates checks were actually released shall be indicated in the appropriate column provided for in the CkDR. Reporting of Checks Issued/Released. All checks actually released to claimants shall be included in the Report of Checks Issued (RCI), which shall be prepared daily by the Cashier. The RCI shall be submitted to the Accounting Unit for the preparation of JEV. All unreleased checks as of the report date shall be enumerated in a â€Å"List of Unreleased Checks† to be attached to the RCI. Procedures for Disbursements by Checks. |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility | How to cite Ngas Manual, Essay examples

Academic Writing Globalized Digitized Era -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Academic Writing Globalized Digitized Era? Answer: Introducation Scholars traditionally were thought to be the academicians that are employed by the universities for the academic purposes. These aspects get broadened when the concept of digital scholarship is applied. Digital scholarship implies that scholar remains highly connected with the global network of peers and share the media output over the internet. Digital scholarship somewhat describes the monotonous feel of the institutionalized based researches and focuses more on the digital world that includes the online data sharing, and networking. All these activities occur under a digital identity. Perhaps if a simple definition is used then it can be said that, a digital scholar is someone who uses technology based approaches to write and demonstrate issues (Weller, 2011). Thesis statement: This study is based on finding the potentials and problems for the professional and academic writers in a globalized and digital era. First of all, to emphasize on the professional and academic writing in a globalized and digital world. The problems that affect the professional and academic writers need to be highlighted. Colleges, Universities and writing centers throughout the world face issues related to plagiarism. The issues related to the plagiarism are very complex and leave a little room for the teacher and the student to understand the various complexities associated with the copyright, attribution, and permission. Teachers find themselves in a conflicting position with respect to the students. The issues of plagiarism are not to be confined in a classroom, whereas the discussion must be based on the fair usage of the copyright materials. The limited access of the copyright material has raised public concerns and debates. It is seen that on one side there is vast increase in the quantity of information over the internet, and on the other side the issues related to the intellectual property litigations and limited access to the copyright materials. These concerns have raised exponentially currently. It is important to note that, the postmodern literary theory reveals that nothing in this world in fully original, the main factor is that new information are processed by processing and mixing the reused ideas. Across the different fields and disciplines, it is important to note that plagiarism is not just a simple wrong; a deep understanding of can reveal the major difference that lies within the original work and mere changing of the texts to create new inferences. However, several contributors have reminded from time to time that copyright laws do not guarantee that individual work is totally under the control of a single person (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). Buying and stealing others work, both ruin and undermine the reliability of the written work and at the same time damages the free exchange and the openness in the spread of the ideas. Recently, high levels of plagiarism in the works of the undergraduate student of a Harvard student was noticed in a novel and also there are several evidences that reveal that works in the biomedical field are to a large extent found to be plagiarized. The process of inculcating and conserving the ethical way of working will depend on the advantage being provided by the newer technologies. Writers must possess the knowledge of how to give appropriate credits to the original authors of a particular work (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). There is a wide difference between the copyright infringement and plagiarism. Copyright can be described as a matter of law whereas plagiarism can be described as a matter of ethics. Although, plagiarism can occur unintentionally, but people who is involved in plagiarism often gets punished. Another explanation provided by the author is that plagiarism is considered as a matter of norms of community and etiquette. Plagiarism is widely considered as a crime against a particular group of audiences and is seen as an embarrassment and insult to the others. Whereas, another distinction also points out that plagiarism is the reuse or the use of ideas and words without the giving a suitable acknowledgement. Whereas, copyright infringement is the reuse and use of ideas and words without permission (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 173-180). The condition of plagiarism is more complicated in the professional writers. There is a case of essay written by Michael Grossberg that display the complexities in detecting the and monitoring plagiarism that are existing in a single discipline, when the privacy and confidentiality drive the process (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). The potentiality of the digitized era and the globalized world can be viewed by the following way: Gordon Kane explains that within theoretical physics, the self-policing process is easy because the field is small and people know each other. The additive effect of internet also aids in sharing views and the ideas. The best part is that rather than waiting for months and years for the work to get published, academic writers. Whereas, the same is problematic if policing in the field of medical biology. In the field of science, it is found that theft of data and ideas are more complex and serious if the authors works and argument are not acknowledged. At the same time, Gilbert S. Omenns made it clear that, another risk is posed by the researchers that peer review the journals, because during the peer reviewing there is a high chance of stealing of ideas from the grants and the applications (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). The academic research articles and papers related to Humanities a re always packed with the references which suggest a positive side that there exists more than one a synchronous dialogue within different number of academic writers. In the field of Humanities, the authors that are associated with a work, acknowledge each other and eventually valorise the facts. The peer also extends the critique which are thus incorporated into the final work (Sinclair, 2015, p. 44-49). It is an established belief that all the writers are good readers and theses readers possess the potential to become a good writer. Reading is considered to be an essential aspect of creative work. Participatory reading is a great way to gain knowledge regarding the circulation and creation of the knowledge and content. The advent of the new technologies has made it possible to engage with the new materials that are found in the multiple perspectives disciplines (Clinton, Jenkins McWilliams, 2013, p. 3-23). Digital scholarship potentiality has increased manifold through the sophis tication of the search engines algorithm and the digitized global library. Such as the one undertaken by the search giant, Google in the year 2004. This project typically contained the digitization of the five big academic libraries in the United States. The new development of the searching algorithm has led to the expansion of the searching abilities of the search engine an at the same time, searching information is also easy for any person accessing the internet. The new Web 2.0 version offers newer internet based services like the Wikipedia, social networking sites, folksonomies and communication tools (Donelan, Kear and Ramage, 2005, p. 225-228). The digital research process that are utilized in the world over is motivated through the application of the information and communication technology (ICT) and also due to the increasing availability of the internet connection. Internet is actually revolutionizing the research process to be conducted fully from the online resources. Fur thermore, the information that are gathered digitally from the online resources provide a big leap in the research process which otherwise would have taken a long time to conduct from the printed resources. These printed resources are not always available widely and acts as a hindrance in the conduct of research. Writing also is affected the same way, the advent of the internet and the availability of the research journals, research articles and thesis to a great extent influence the writing of both the academic and professional writers. The availability of the information 24/7 over the internet, intranet and the other faster growing networks have favoured the digital scholarships information delivery (Mutula, 2011, p. 261-276). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the digitized era and the globalized world has enhanced the writing skills of the both the professional and academic writers. Although, there exists a big issue of plagiarism that affects the writer knowingly or unknowingly. The availability of the information by just at the click of the mouse has enabled writers to delve into the vast world of information. This information is considered as data sets, that help in further analysis. Plagiarism is considered as crime while the copyright infringement under the purview of law. These are the issues that are currently being faced by the professionals and academic writers. The potentiality of the academic and professional writer is enhanced by the internet connectivity and availability of the resources. The resource availability on a wide scale has enhanced the working ability on both data processing, information representation. Reference Clinton, K., Jenkins, H., McWilliams, J. (2013). New literacies in an age of participatory culture. Reading in a participatory culture: Remixing Moby-Dick in the English classroom, 3-23. Donelan, H., Kear, K. and Ramage, M. (2005). Online Communication and Collaboration: A Reader. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp.225-228. Eisner, C., Vicinus, M. (2008). Originality, imitation, and plagiarism: Teaching writing in the digital age. University of Michigan Press. pp.173-180 Mutula, S. M. (2011). Ethics and trust in digital scholarship. The electronic library, 29(2), 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471111125212 Sinclair, C. (2015). Students perspectives on academic writing in the digital age. TechTrends, 59(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-014-0819-5 Weller, M. (2011). The digital scholar: How technology is transforming scholarly practice. AC Black.